A/V-더라고요 grammar = I saw/experienced that ~express speaker's recollection about past event with witness

A/V-더라고요 grammar = I directly saw/ heard/ felt/ found/ experienced that ~express speaker's recollection about past event with witness.

Usage:
- Express the speaker’s recollection about past event that he/she directly saw, heard, felt, found, or experienced

Tense:

Adjective/Verb + -더라고요

덥다 -> 덥더라고요  (I experienced that the weather is hot)

맛있다 -> 맛있더라고요  (I found that the food is tasty)

재미있다 -> 재미있더라고요 (I found that it is interesting)

속상하다 -> 속상하더라고요  (I felt upset)

가다 -> 갔더라고요 (I saw he went away) 

들어오다 -> 들어오더라고요  (I saw she came in) 

나가다 -> 나가더라고요 (I saw he left)

Specific Usage:

1. The subject of the sentence can't be the speaker since it refers to something the speaker saw or heard.

나는 해외로 여행을 가더라고요. (Wrong)/ 갔어요. (Correct)

I went to a trip abroad.

2. Used to state something learned for the 1st time, not something already known.

제 고향은 강이 많더라고요. (Wrong)/ 많아요. (Correct).

My hometown has many rivers.

3. When expressing a person’s mood or feelings, the 1st person can be used. If the 3rd person is used, the form A+아/어하다 must be used.

비가 오면 (저는) 우울하더라고요.

When it rains, I get depressed.

그 이야기를 듣고 어머니가 속상해하시더라고요.

When my mother heard the story, she was upset.

4. -더군요 and -더라 have roughly the same meaning as -더라고요, but carries a slight sense of emphasis.

남자 친구를 사귀다 보니까 가끔은 속상한 일도 생기더라고요./ 생기더군요./ 생기더라.

Since I dated with my boyfriend, sometimes upset things happened.

5. -았/었더라고요 to refer to things that completed in the past.

일본에 도착하니까 눈이 오더라고요. 

It is snowing when I arrived in Japan.

일본에 도착하니까 눈이 왔더라고요. 

It has snowed when I arrived in Japan (snow has stopped falling)

Examples:

1. 마리, 또 청소해요?
- 날씨가 더워서 창문을 열어 두니까 먼지가 많이 들어오더라고요.

Mary, are you cleaning up again?
- When I opened the window because of the hot weather, (I saw that) a lot of dust came in.

2. 혹시 수지 씨 봤어요?
- 네, 아까 약속이 있다고 급하게 나가더라고요.

Did you see Suzy?
- Yes, I saw her leave in a hurry saying she had to meet someone.

3. 오늘 안나 씨 봤어요?

- 네, 아까 도서관에서 공부더라고요.

Did you see Anna today?

- Yes, I saw her studying in the library a while ago.

4. 한국 여행을 해 보니까 한국에는 정말 산이 많더라고요.

After travelling around Korea, (I saw that) Korea has a lot of mountains.

5. 어제 친구들이랑 같이 축구를 했는데 앤디 씨가 정말 잘하더라고요.

I played football with my friends yesterday, and (I witnessed that) Andy plays really well.

6. 학교에 새로 생긴 식당의 음식이 꽤 맛있더라고요.

(I experienced that) the food at the new restaurant in school is really good.

7. 어제 공연이 아주 재미있더라고요.

The yesterday performance (that I saw) was really interesting.

8. 아까 그 사람을 봤는데, 진짜 잘 생기더라고요.

A while ago I saw that person, and he is really handsome.

9. 한국 여름은 날씨가 덥더라고요.

Korea summer is really hot.

10. 아이스크림 먹었는데 줍더라고요.

I ate ice-cream, and it’s cool.

11. 그 영화를 봤는데 재미없더라고요.

I watched the movie, but it is not interesting.

V-던데요 grammar = I saw/felt/surprised that ~express contradiction to one’s speaking or surprise to something

N/A/V-던데요 grammar = I saw/felt/surprised that ~express contradiction to one’s speaking or surprise to something

Usage:
- The expression -던데요 = -던- (recollection) + -(으)ㄴ데요 (background info, contrast or surprising situation) = express something contradictory to one’s speaking or express surprising feeling toward something.

- The expression -던데 can be used in mid-sentence to indicate the present situation is contrary to the past situation.

- The expression -았/었던데요 is used for things that ended in the past.

Tense:

Adjective / Verb + -던데요

좋다 -> 좋던데요.

쉽다 -> 쉽던데요.

크다 -> 크던데요.

아름답다 -> 아름답던데요. 

보이다 -> 보이던데요. 

먹다 -> 먹던데요.

건강하다 -> 건강하던데요.

Noun  + (이)던데요

의사 -> 의사던데요.

학생 -> 학생이던데요.

은행원 -> 은행원이던데요.

Examples:

1. 집이 작아서 더 물건을 둘 데가 없어서 고민해요.
- 지난번에 갔을 때는 집이 아주 커 보이던데요.

I am worried because my house is so small that there is no more room to put anything else.
- But it looked really big when I was there last time.

2. 오늘은 선생님 기분이 좀 좋아지셨어요?
- 아니요. 아까 보니까 오늘도 안 좋으시던데요.

Is the teacher feeling better today?
- No, I just was him a while, he was still not good today.

3. 이번 시험이 아주 쉬웠지요?
- 아니요. 저는 지난 시험보다 더 어렵던데요.

The exam this time was really easy right?
- No, I felt that it is harder than the last exam.

4. 어제 미나 씨하고 식사하셨어요?
- 네, 미나 씨가 한국 음식을 아주 잘 먹던데요.

Did you eat with Mina yesterday?
- Yes, I am surprised that Mina eats Korean food really well.

5. 안아 씨가 학생이지요?
- 아니요. 직원이던데요. 학교 근처 회사에서 일하더라고요.

Is Anna a student?
- No, she is an officer. She works in a company near the school.

6. 피아노를 배우기가 어렵지요?
- 아니요. 배위 보니까 생각보다 쉽던데요.

Is learning piano difficult?
- No. After learning, I felt it is easier than I think.

7. 어제 남산에 올라갔어요?
- 네, 남산에서 본 서울 야경이 아주 아름답던데요.

Did you climb Namsan yesterday?
- Yes, (I am surprised that) Seoul night view from Namsan is really beautiful.

8. 민수 씨가 잘 지내고 있지요?

- 네, 얼마 전에 회사를 옮겼던데요.

Is Minsu living well?

- Yes, I heard he recently changed jobs.

9. 앤디 씨는 좋은 사람 같아 보이던데 한번 만나 보세요.

Andy seemed like a good person, so you should meet him.

10. 어제는 많이 춥던데 오늘은 따뜻하네요.

It was really cold yesterday but it is warm today.

Differences between -더라고요 grammar and -던데요 grammar

Both the grammars can be used to recollect the past event. 

However, -던데요 grammar can be used to express an opinion contrary to one's saying while -더라고요 grammar can't. 

어제 본 영화는 재미있었조?

- 아니요. 저는 재미없던데요. 영화가 끝나기 전에 많은 사람들이 방을 떠났더라고요.

The yesterday movie is interesting, right?

- No, I felt it is boring. I saw many peoples left the room before the movie was over. 

Irregular Korean passive verbs with (-이/히/리/기) suffix = to be V-ed

Irregular Korean passive verbs with (-이/히/리/기) suffix = to be V-ed

Usage:
- Irregular passive verbs with (-이/히/리/기) suffix are used to express a passive statement when the subject's action occurs because of an action directly/indirectly performed by someone else/something = to be V-ed

- The irregular passive verbs must be memorized (similar to irregular verbs in English)

List of typical -이/히/리/기 passive verbs:

이: Verb stems that have no 받침, or verb stems with a 받침 that doesn’t change it’s sound when it comes before ㅎ (usually ㅎ, ㄲ, ㅍ).
- 바꾸다 = to change –> 바뀌다 = to be changed
- 보다 = to see –> 보이다 = to be seen
- 놓다 = to place –> 놓이다 = to be placed
- 섞다 = to mix –> 섞이다 = to be mixed
- 덮다 = to cover –> 덮이다 = to be covered
- 쓰다 = to use/write  –> 쓰이다 = to be used/written

히: Verb stems with 받침 that does change it’s sound when it comes before ㅎ (usually ㅂ, ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅈ).
- 잡다 = to catch –> 잡히다 = to be caught
- 밟다 = to step on –> 밟히다 = to be stepped on
- 막다 = to block –> 막히다 = to be blocked
- 닫다 = to close –> 닫히다 = to be closed
- 잊다 = to forget –> 잊히다 = to be forgotten
- 먹다 = to eat  –> 먹히다 = to be eaten

리: Verb stems with ㄹ 받침, or irregular verbs that change their 받침 to ㄹ in most conjugations (듣다 –> 들어).
- 열다 = to open –> 열리다 = to be opened
- 듣다 = to hear –> 들리다 = to be heard
- 자르다 = to cut –> 잘리다 = to be cut
- 뚫다 = to pierce –> 뚫리다 = to be pierced
- 팔다 = to sell   –> 팔리다 = to be sold
- 밀다 = to push   –> 밀리다 = to be pushed

- 풀다 = to untie –> 풀리다 = to be untied 

- 물다 = to bite –> 물리다 = to be bite 

기: Verb stems with other 받침 that doesn’t change it’s sound when it comes before ㅎ (usually ㅁ, ㄴ, ㅅ, ㅊ).
- 담다 = to fill –> 담기다 = to be filled
- 잠그다 = to lock –> 잠기다 = to be locked
- 안다 = to hold –> 안기다 = to be held
- 씻다 = to wash –> 씻기다 = to be washed
- 쫓다 = to chase –> 쫓기다 = to be chased
- 끊다 = to cut  –> 끊기다 = to be cut off

Structure:

1. N2이/가 N1에/게 V-이/히/리/기 (passive)   <=  N1이가 N2을/를 V  (active)

E.g. 

범인이 경찰에게 잡혔어요.

The criminal was caught by the police.

2. N이/가 V-이/히/리/기 (passive) <= N을/를 V  (active)

E.g. 

제 전화번호가 바뀌었어요.

My phone number has changed.

3. N2이/가 N1에 V-이/히/리/기+아/어 있다 (passive) <= N1에 N2을/를 V (active)

E.g. 

시계가 벽에 걸려 있어요.

The clock is hanging on the wall.

Examples

1.  아이가 할아버지에게 안겼어요. (피동) -- 아이가 인형을 안아요. (능동)

The child was held by the grandfather (Passive verb) -- The child hugs a doll. (Active verb)

2. 문이 열렸어요. / 열려 있어요. (마리 씨가 문을 열어요.)

The door is opened./ the door is open. (Mary opens the door).

3. 바다가 보여요 (나는 바다를 봐요).

The beach is seen by me (I see the beach).

4. 주소가 바뀌었어요 (나는 주소를 바꾸었어요).

The address was changed (I changed my address).

5. 도둑이 경찰에게 잡혔어요 (경찰이 도둑을 잡았어요).

The thief was arrested by the policeman (The policeman arrested the thief).

6. 그 책은 많은 사람들에게 읽힙니다 (많은 사람들이 그 책을 읽습니다).

That book is read by lots of people (Lots of people read that book).

7. 밖에서 음악 소리가 들려요 (음악 소리를 들어요).

The music sound is heard outside. (I hear the music sound).

8. 요즘 이 잡지가 잘 팔려요 (잡지를 팔아요).

This magazine is sold very well these days.

9. 전화가 끊겼어요 (전화를 끊었어요).

The telephone was disconnected.

10. 쥐가 고양이에게 (cat) 쫓겨요. (고양이가 쥐를 쫓아요).

A mouse is chased by a cat. (A cat chased a mouse).

"Special passive verbs" describe state of object: V-이/히/리/기 +아/어 있다 

1. 문에 3급반이라고 쓰여 있어요.

The level 3 class is written on the door.

2. 교실 문이 잠겨 있어요.

The classroom's door is (being) locked.

3. 창문이 닫혀 있어요.

The window is close.

4. 가방이 열려 있어요.

The bag is open.

5. 책상 위에 예쁜 꽃병이 놓여 있어요.

A flower vase is put on the table.

6. 휴게실에 그림이 여러 개 걸려 있어요.

Many types of drawings is hung in the lounge.

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The book series enables the students to learn Korean through various genres of articles step-by-step from level 1 to level 6.

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V-아/어지다 grammar = to be V-ed ~a passive form that is used with verbs without -이/히/리/기-affix

V-아/어지다 grammar = to be V-ed ~a passive form used with verbs without -이/히/리/기-affix

Usage

- V-아/어지다 is used to express a passive statement when the subject's action occurs because of an action directly/indirectly performed by someone else/something = get V-ed 

- V-아/어지다 is mostly used with verbs without -이/히/리/기- affix.

Tense

(Present) Verb + 아/어지다

켜다 -> 켜지다 (be turned on) 

꺼다 -> 꺼지다 (be turned off)

쏟다 -> 쏟아지다 (be spilled out)

깨다 -> 깨지다 (be broken)

고치다 -> 고쳐지다 (be fixed)

(Past) Verb + 아/어졌어요

켜다 -> 켜졌다 (was turned on) 

꺼다 -> 꺼졌다 (was turned off)

쏟다 -> 쏟아졌다 (was spilled out)

깨다 -> 깨졌다 (was broken)

고치다 -> 고쳐졌다 (was fixed)

(Future) Verb + 아/어질 거예요

쏟다 -> 쏟아질 거예요 (will be spilled out)

깨다 -> 깨질 거예요 (will be broken)

고치다 -> 고쳐질 거예요 (will be fixed)

Specific usage:

1. Active and passive form conversion

E.g.

Active: 접시를 깼어요. \\ Passive: 접시가 깨졌어요. 

I broke the disk. \\  The disk was broken.

2. In recent years, -이/히/리/기- passive verbs can also be used in form of -아/어지다

E.g. 

전화가 끊겼어요. / 전화가 끊어졌어요. 

The phone call was ended.

공책에 글씨가 쓰여 있어요./ 써져 있어요. 

Letters are written on the notebook.

3. A-아/어지다 = to get/become A ~ express a change in state over time. (See A-아/어지다 grammar for details.)

E.g.

요즘은 물건 값이 비싸졌어요. 

The expense cost has recently become expensive.

미나 씨가 정말 예뻐졌어요. 

Mina has really become pretty.

날씨는 주말에 추워졌어요. 

The weather got cold over the weekend

Examples

1. 우리 반 친구들하고 언제 식사할까요?
- 저는 아무 때나 괜찮아요. 약속이 정해지면 알려 주세요.

When shall we eat with our classmates?
- Anytime is fine with me. Please let me know when it gets decided.

2. 왜 그렇게 힘들게 쓰고 있어요?
- 볼펜이 안 좋은 것 같아요. 글씨가 잘 안 써져요.

Why do you look so hard on writing?
- I think there is a problem with my pen. It doesn’t write well.

3. 텔레비전이 안 켜져요. 고장이 난 것 같아요.

My TV doesn’t turn on. It seems broken.

4. 커피가 다 쏟아져서 내 옷에 얼룩이 생겼어요.

The coffee spilled out, so my clothes got stained.

5. 누가 유리창을 깼어요?
- 잘 모르겠어요. 아침에 보니까 깨져 있었어요.

Who did the window glass get broken?
- I don’t know. It was broken since I saw in the morning.

6.  날씨가 너무 추우니까 빨리 봄이 오면 좋겠어요.
- 저도 봄이 기다려져요. 봄이 되면 예쁜 꽃도 보고 싶어요.

It will be better when the spring comes since the weather is really cold (now).
- I also wait for spring. When it is spring, I want to see beautiful flowers.

7.  왜 자꾸 다시 물어봐요?
- 수미 씨가 결혼한다는 사실이 안 믿어져요.

Why do you keep asking me again?
- I can’t believe the fact that Sumi is getting married.

8. 마크가 스크립트에 써졌어요./쓰였어요.

The mark was written on the script.

9. 아까 방 불이 다 꺼졌어요.

All the room lights were turned off a while ago.

10. 다행히 내 휴대폰이 무료로 고쳐졌어요

Luckily, my phone was fixed freely.